Off-grid from zero · lesson 7 of 12

Heat: the system that decides your winter

Match the heat source to the climate and the building, size it to the heat loss, and plan the fuel a year ahead.

In most of the country, heat is a bigger energy problem than electricity, and it cannot be solved with more panels. Wood is the classic answer where there is wood; propane is the clean, quiet one; a heat pump works in the shoulder seasons; electric resistance heat is impractical as primary heat on almost any off-grid solar system. The right answer is usually two of these: one primary, one backup.

The number that sizes all of them is the building's heat loss in BTU per hour at the design temperature, which is mostly about insulation and air sealing. A tight 800 square foot cabin in a cold climate heats on half the wood of a drafty one. Spend on the envelope before the stove.

Numbers to carry
  • Seasoned hardwood: about 20 million BTU per cord; propane: 91,500 BTU per gallon; a cold-climate cabin may need 30,000 BTU per hour.
  • A wood stove sized to the record low will smolder all season and load the chimney with creosote.
  • Heat pumps run a COP of 2 to 3 in mild weather but often drop toward 1.5 or less in deep cold, depending on the unit; resistance heat is always 1.
Read
Do before the next lesson
  • Run the heat-loss calculator with your square footage, insulation, and ZIP; the BTU number is what the stove is sized to.
  • Pick primary and backup heat in the planner and look at the fuel per winter it produces.
  • If wood: order or cut next winter's wood now, since most splits need 6 to 24 months to reach 20 percent moisture or less. If propane: size the tank and count the fills.
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